Bromine Facts (Atomic Number 35 or Br)

Bromine Facts (Atomic Number 35 or Br) Bromine is a halogen element with atomic number 35 and element symbol Br.  At room temperature and pressure, it is one of the few liquid elements. Bromine is known for its brown color and characteristic acrid odor. Here is a collection of facts about the element: Bromine Atomic Data Atomic Number: 35 Symbol: Br Atomic Weight: 79.904 Electron Configuration: [Ar]4s23d104p5 Word Origin: Greek bromos, which means stench Element Classification: Halogen Discovery: Antoine J. Balard (1826, France) Density (g/cc): 3.12 Melting Point ( °K): 265.9 Boiling Point ( °K): 331.9 Appearance: reddish-brown liquid, metallic luster in solid form Isotopes: There are 29 known isotopes of bromine ranging from Br-69 to Br-97. There are 2 stable isotopes: Br-79 (50.69% abundance) and Br-81 (49.31% abundance). Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 23.5 Covalent Radius (pm): 114 Ionic Radius: 47 (5e) 196 (-1e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.473 (Br-Br) Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 10.57 (Br-Br) Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 29.56 (Br-Br) Pauling Negativity Number: 2.96 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1142.0 Oxidation States: 7, 5, 3, 1, -1 Lattice Structure: Orthorhombic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 6.670 Magnetic Ordering: nonmagnetic Electrical Resistivity (20  °C): 7.8Ãâ€"1010 ÃŽ ©Ã‚ ·m Thermal Conductivity (300 K): 0.122 W ·m−1 ·K−1 CAS Registry Number: 7726-95-6 Bromine Trivia Bromine is named after the Greek word bromos meaning stench because bromine smells... stinky. Its a sharp, acrid odor thats hard to describe, but many people know the smell from the elements use in swimming pools.Bromine was nearly discovered by two other chemists before Antoine Jerome Balard published his discovery. The first was in 1825 by the German chemist Justus von Liebig. He was sent a sample of salt water to analyze from a nearby town. He thought the brown liquid he separated from the salt water was a simple mixture of iodine and chlorine. After he learned of Balards discovery, he went back and checked. His liquid was the newly discovered bromine. The other discoverer was a chemistry student named Carl Loewig. He separated the same brown liquid in 1825 from another sample of salt water. His professor asked him to prepare more of the brown liquid for further testing and soon learned of Balards bromine.Elemental bromine is a toxic substance and can cause corrosion burns when ex posed to skin. Inhalation can cause irritation, in low concentrations, or death, in high concentration. Although toxic as a pure element and in high doses, bromine is an essential element for animals. The bromide ion is a cofactor in collagen synthesis.In World War I, xylyl bromide and related bromine compound were used as poison gas.Compounds containing bromine in the -1 oxidation state are called bromides.Bromine is the tenth most abundant element in sea water with an abundance of 67.3 mg/L.Bromine is the 64th most abundant element in the Earths crust with an abundance of 2.4 mg/kg.At room temperature, elemental bromine is a reddish-brown liquid. The only other element that is a liquid at room temperature is mercury.Bromine is used in many fire retardant compounds. When brominated compounds burn, hydrobromic acid is produced. The acid acts as a flame retardant by interfering with the oxidation reaction of combustion. Nontoxic halomethane compounds, such as bromochloromethane and bromotrifluoromethane, are used in submarines and spacecraft. However, they are not generally useful becau se they are expensive and because they damage the ozone layer. Bromide compounds used to be used as sedatives and anticonvulsants. Specifically, sodium bromide and potassium bromide were used in the 19th and 20th century until they were replaced by chloral hydrate, which was in turn replaced by barbituates and other drugs.The ancient royal purple dye called Tyrian Purple is a bromine compound.Bromine was used in leaded fuels to help prevent engine knock in the form of ethylene bromide.Herbert Dow, founder of the Dow Chemical Company started his business separating bromine from brine waters of the Midwestern United States. Sources Duan, Defang; et al. (2007-09-26). Ab initio studies of solid bromine under high pressure. Physical Review B. 76 (10): 104113. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.76.104113Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p. 4.121. ISBN 1439855110.Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). The discovery of the elements: XVII. The halogen family. Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (11): 1915. doi:10.1021/ed009p1915 Return to the Periodic Table

Word Choice Causal vs. Casual - Writing Tips with Get Proofed!

Word Choice Causal vs. Casual - Writing Tips with Get Proofed! Word Choice: Causal vs. Casual Sometimes typos are obvious. If you write â€Å"teh† instead of â€Å"the,† for example, it’s easy to spot the error. Half the time your phone or computer will autocorrect it for you! But things get trickier with â€Å"causal† and â€Å"casual.† One keystroke out of place here and you get a completely different word. And since â€Å"causal† and â€Å"casual† are both proper words, you can’t rely on autocorrect to help you out. Luckily, then, we’re here to help out with our quick guide to how these words should be used. Causal (Related to Causation) â€Å"Causal† means â€Å"related to causation.† We use it when discussing relationships of cause and effect: Our study looks at the causal relationship between weather and mood. The key thing to remember with this word is that it’s always related to the cause of something. The â€Å"causal relationship† above, for example, refers to how weather affects how we feel. The weather today will start out gloomy, but by lunch it will be looking more upbeat. Casual (Informal or Relaxed) The word â€Å"casual† has a few different uses, but it usually refers to being informal, relaxed, or unconcerned about something. For example, we might say: To the casual observer, this wedding looked just like any other. Here, â€Å"casual observer† implies a non-expert or someone who is not paying close attention. We could also say: You can’t turn up to a wedding ceremony in casual clothes! In this case, â€Å"casual clothes† refers to jeans, trainers, or other informal clothing. If we can see your knees, youre dressed casually. A slightly different use is to mean â€Å"irregular† or â€Å"temporary,† such as when we talk about â€Å"casual work† (i.e., work without regular hours). Even this sense of â€Å"casual† draws on the idea of an informal or relaxed relationship, though, so it isn’t too far from the other uses outlined above. Causal or Casual? As you can see, â€Å"causal† and â€Å"casual† have very different uses. The good news is that this makes it easy to remember the difference. The bad news is that a minor typo could lead to a big error! The best way to avoid mistakes with these words is to proofread your work carefully. And remember: Causal = Related to causation Casual = Informal or relaxed

RCT Appraisal Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

RCT Appraisal - Article Example The study explores the various support services that are offered within the hospital to parents who have lost their child during or after birth. The hospital staffs play a vital role in helping the parents especially the mother to fully understand the cause and significance of the death of their child which would greatly help them to come to terms with the loss. The study analyses the current services that are being offered and also provides recommendations to improve the quality of support provided to mother who have lost their children due to stillbirth or neonatal death. This is an exploratory research as there is no evidence of prior research conducted on the experiences of bereaved mothers at Gauteng. The interviews were conducted by the one of the study authors and the respondent details, requirement of support, services that is being provided at the hospital including formal services such as counseling and suggestions for improving the present services were collected. No conflict of interest has been identified. The purpose of the study was to analyze the support services that are being offered to mothers who have lost their child due to stillbirth or neonatal death by hospital staff and to determine whether these services are sufficient. To include any recommendations provided by the mothers included in the study and other suggestions to improve the quality of hospital services in such cases. The study design included both quantitative and qualitative approaches with the quantitative approach more dominant than the later. A one-shot case study was employed by which a single group of mother who had the same experience were selected and research was conducted through as series of semi-structured personal interviews on the nature of the support services that are provided with the hospital and their suggestions to improve the present services were also incorporated. As the interviews were structured the quantitative data

What motivational factors facilitate or hinder student performance in Essay

What motivational factors facilitate or hinder student performance in the process of EFL learning - Essay Example The importance of the topic on determining diverse motivational factors that influence academic learning in the EFL environment is to enable educators to apply best practices in contemporary setting. Most of the studies encountered acknowledged the importance of motivation in Second Language Acquisition (SLA). Some studies discussed and proposed different motivational approaches, ranging from group processes (group norms and cohesiveness); focusing on the teachers’ instructional style and the educators’ ability to creatively provide examples that are vivid and acclimatized to local settings; and also instructional interventions applied by educators in conjunction with self-regulating strategies applied by learners. There are studies that aimed to determine the effectiveness of the motivational strategies in enhancing the academic performance and understanding of ESL students. One would like to determine if these factors were effectively used by teachers in designing mot ivational strategies. If so, were performance evaluation or monitoring measures been implemented to gauge the effectiveness of these strategies in creating a conducing learning environment for ESL learners. The articles reviewed were published within the last seven years where one study, Chen, Warden, & Chang was the oldest, published in 2005; followed by Lamb’s article which was published in 2007; Guilloteaux & Dornyei in 2008; and finally, two articles that were covered in the review were published in 2010: Chang and Wong.... C. Goal of the Review The overall goal of the review, therefore, is to add new factors that have been deemed instrumental in motivating ESL learners to manifest enhanced performance within contemporary setting. From the authoritative sources that have been evaluated, one recognized the value of incorporating culture, or specifically birthplace differences (Wong, 2010); acclimatizing examples used to local settings (Lamb, 2007); and even differentiating three distinct motivation orientations (instrumental, required, and integrative) where â€Å"integration may not be a significant factor in motivating language learning effort† (Chen, Warden, & Chang, 2005, p. 622) within the Chinese cultural context. With increased universality of recognizing diversity in culture and in emphasizing the need to integrate factors that have been proven to be motivating and improving the learning environment, the current literature review would present these findings for future applicability. II. M ethod Section A. Years Covered The articles reviewed were published within the last seven years where one study, Chen, Warden, & Chang was the oldest, published in 2005; followed by Lamb’s article which was published in 2007; Guilloteaux & Dornyei in 2008; and finally, two articles that were covered in the review were published in 2010: Chang and Wong. B. Preliminary Sources Used to Locate the Studies These sources were all searched from the TESOL Quarterly (four articles) and TESOL Journal (one article). The TESOL Quarterly is explicitly described as â€Å"a refereed professional journal, fosters inquiry into English language teaching and learning by providing a forum for TESOL professionals to share their research

Housing Authority Meeting :: Journalism Essays

Housing Authority Meeting Fine charged for questionable false alarms The city of Muncie is fining the Housing Authority of Delaware County for alleged false alarms. The announcement came at the Housing Authority’s monthly board meeting that they have been fined $100 for three false alarms in March and April. But the police may not have responded to these alarms. Executive Director Jennifer Edwards says the Muncie Police Department is making a claim of false alarms when the police are notified by the Housing Authority’s alarm company, ADT of a disturbance great enough to set off the alarms. These could be, she says, anything from a storm rattling the windows to people with mischievous intents. â€Å"But an alarm is an alarm, and they deserve the same response,† Edwards said. ADT calls the police and Edwards when an alarm is activated. Edwards claims that when she arrived, police had not responded to any of the alarms the department mentioned in the list of dates the Housing Authority is being fined for. An ordinance against false alarms says that three false alarms constitute a fine of $100, and more for each alarm afterwards. Amendments were made to this ordinance earlier this year to lessen fines for large buildings, such as those on Ball State’s campus, but are costly to the smaller, federal funded Housing Authority. â€Å"I vote we fight this,† said Commissioner Evan Terry. â€Å"I remember back in 1982 to 1986 when [false fire alarms were happening frequently] at Ball State. That’s what this ordinance is supposed to protect. False fire alarms,† Terry said. Commissioner Fred Fields said that if the police are going to charge the Housing Authority for protective services, they should at least show up. The board agreed to consult their attorney, Casey Cloyd on the matter, and take legal action if needed. Board members noted that this is a case of the city of Muncie fining a federal office in Delaware county jurisdiction, so they may not possess the ability to fine the organization. Housing Authority Meeting :: Journalism Essays Housing Authority Meeting Fine charged for questionable false alarms The city of Muncie is fining the Housing Authority of Delaware County for alleged false alarms. The announcement came at the Housing Authority’s monthly board meeting that they have been fined $100 for three false alarms in March and April. But the police may not have responded to these alarms. Executive Director Jennifer Edwards says the Muncie Police Department is making a claim of false alarms when the police are notified by the Housing Authority’s alarm company, ADT of a disturbance great enough to set off the alarms. These could be, she says, anything from a storm rattling the windows to people with mischievous intents. â€Å"But an alarm is an alarm, and they deserve the same response,† Edwards said. ADT calls the police and Edwards when an alarm is activated. Edwards claims that when she arrived, police had not responded to any of the alarms the department mentioned in the list of dates the Housing Authority is being fined for. An ordinance against false alarms says that three false alarms constitute a fine of $100, and more for each alarm afterwards. Amendments were made to this ordinance earlier this year to lessen fines for large buildings, such as those on Ball State’s campus, but are costly to the smaller, federal funded Housing Authority. â€Å"I vote we fight this,† said Commissioner Evan Terry. â€Å"I remember back in 1982 to 1986 when [false fire alarms were happening frequently] at Ball State. That’s what this ordinance is supposed to protect. False fire alarms,† Terry said. Commissioner Fred Fields said that if the police are going to charge the Housing Authority for protective services, they should at least show up. The board agreed to consult their attorney, Casey Cloyd on the matter, and take legal action if needed. Board members noted that this is a case of the city of Muncie fining a federal office in Delaware county jurisdiction, so they may not possess the ability to fine the organization.

Cause and Effect Technology

11/10/11 Cause and effect Todays technology has good and bad effects but distraction is, in my opinion the major result. Todays’ technology has its good effects and bad effects on society. But distraction is a really bad effect on society. Yes, technology is good, better communication between people and major advancements. But little things such as cellphones, gps and much are major distractions on an everyday life. These distractions could happen while you’re in school, at your job and even when you are driving. In school, in my high school experience at least 99% of the students have cellphones.I always saw them text-messaging non-stop without paying a bit of attention to the class that was going on. Most of the time I was one of them, and I regret it because most of the time I didn’t pay attention to what the teacher was saying. Cellphones are not the only distraction computers are as well. I used to see a lot of students fight for a computer at school just so they could go on their favorite social networking site, all these distractions due to technology. Technology is also a huge distraction in the work place.I haven’t had a lot of experiences in a workplace environment but I’ve seen a lot of misfortunes just because of a cellphone. My friend recently got fired from his job because he couldn’t leave his phone a lone, his boss was right you either do the job or keep texting outside of the workplace. Last but not least, distractions while you are driving. This is the most common one and the most dangerous one. A lot of people love texting while on the road they rather answer a text message rather than worrying about their own life or even worse, other human beings life. Not only cellphones influence people while driving, GPS as well.People start laying with their GPS while driving without noticing what is in front of them, I’ve seen a couple of accidents that happened because of someone using a GPS. Also music and music players distract you a lot, this has happened to me a couple of times. People get so into songs that they start daydreaming and don’t realize they are indeed driving. Is really dangerous specially when someone has their earphones in while driving because they are locked to the music. Technology affects everyone, not only teenagers or young adults. Technology is a huge distraction and could be dangerous to society in a way or another.

Reviewers Questions on the Thesis - 560 Words

1. Reviewer question: What is the authors thesis? The authors thesis is that Benedict Arnold is unfairly reviled as a traitor without recognition of his heroic efforts and achievements in the Revolutionary War. 2. Reviewer question: Is the thesis clearly stated? If not, how would you help the writer restate it? The thesis is fairly clearly stated, however it would be made more clear without the degree of supporting detail included in the thesis statement itself. Perhaps listing these details and then supplying a separate thesis statement would be better? 3. Reviewer question: Does the essays body stick to the main topic? If not, where does it digress, and how could the writer revise the paper to make it stay more on the main topic? There is no significant deviation from the main topic of the paper in the body paragraphs, yet they do not directly correspond the supporting details of the thesis statement nor are clear references to the thesis included in the body of the paper. At times, certain details appear to be disconnected form the main topic, at least initially; making sure that every piece of information clearly and directly supports the argument of the thesis would make the body somewhat more cohesive and on-point. 4. Reviewer question: Does the paper contain any ambiguously-worded or confusing sentences? Please list them below and offer a suggested revision for each one you identify. The first sentence is too wordy, confusing, and is ultimately incorrectShow MoreRelatedBeing A Foreigner Speaking English As A Second Language1040 Words   |  5 Pagesbut also pros of how I’ve put effort as an overall. From the peer review sheet filled out by one of the student from the English class, it also gave clarity of what to bring things together to make the writing become much in clarity. Such when the question was asking about the weakness of the overall essay, the evaluator commented about the grammatical errors and the lack of fluent transitions between sentences and paragraphs. From these feedbacks, I was then able to make clarification of what changesRead MoreExamples of Book Review9130 Words   |  37 Pagesthat the reader pointed out what appealed to her. _______________ An author is allowed to extract excerpts from total information received in a review. I get permission to do this first, but it is not necessary as long as you do not change the reviewer’s opinion. The rule is: Once the reviewer sends an author their book review comments, they become property of the author, to do with, as they will. They may correct misspellings, change punctuation, or incorrect word usage, but should never changeRead MoreLiterature Review8362 Words   |  34 Pagesliterature review is flawed, the remainder of the dissertation may also be viewed as flawed, because â€Å"a researcher cannot perform significant research without first understanding the literature in the field† (Boote Beile, 2005, p. 3). Experienced thesis examiners know this. In a study of the practices of Australian dissertation examiners, Mullins and Kiley (2002) found that, Examiners typically started reviewing a dissertation with the expectation that it would pass; but a poorly conceptualized orRead MoreProfessional Skepticism and Auditors Workpaper4359 Words   |  18 Pagesefficiency and effectiveness gains that could result from specialization within the review process, significan t other influences, such as the degree of skepticism possessed by the reviewer, remain unexamined. This paper addresses one such influence: the reviewer’s professional skepticism. In addition to the due care requirement for auditors to be skeptical, Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 53 (AICPA 1988c), No. 57 (AICPA 1988b), No. 67 (AICPA 1992), and No. 82 (AICPA 1997a) reinforce the necessityRead MoreDeveloping Effective Research Proposals49428 Words   |  198 Pagesplan 2.6 Research questions or research problems? 2.7 A simplified model of research 2.8 Review concepts and questions Notes 3 A General Framework for Developing Proposals 3.1 An overall framework 3.2 A hierarchy of concepts 3.3 Research areas and topics 3.4 General and specific research questions viii ix x 1 1 3 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 19 19 21 22 23 24 25 previous page page_v next page Page vi 3.5 Data collection questions 3.6 Research questions and data – theRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pageseither traps for the unwary or success modes. Discussion Questions and Hands-On Exercises encourage and stimulate student involvement. A recent pedagogical feature is the Team Debate Exercise, in which formal issues and options can be debated for each case. New in some cases are Devil’s Advocate exercises in which students can argue against a proposed course of action to test its merits. A new pedagogical feature, based on a reviewer’s recommendation, appears at the end of the Analysis section: